Which of the following is a risk factor for peripheral vascular disease in an older patient?

Peripheral vascular disease (PVD) is primarily associated with conditions that affect blood flow in the arteries, often due to atherosclerosis, which is the buildup of fat, cholesterol, and other substances in and on the artery walls. Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a direct risk factor for peripheral vascular disease because it is part of the same systemic process of atherosclerosis that can affect both coronary arteries and peripheral arteries.

When a patient has coronary artery disease, it indicates that there is already significant vascular injury and possibly widespread atherosclerotic changes. This increases the likelihood that similar changes may occur in the peripheral vessels, leading to conditions such as claudication, which is a typical symptom of PVD marked by muscle cramps in the legs during physical activity due to inadequate blood flow.

In contrast, the other options listed do not have the same direct relationship to the pathophysiological processes underlying PVD. Conditions like gastroesophageal reflux disease, migraine headaches, and osteoarthritis do not significantly affect blood flow or artery health in the same way as CAD. Therefore, coronary artery disease stands out as a significant risk factor for peripheral vascular disease in older patients.